I've heard that Singapore manages to do it. Copy whatever they do. It doesn't need to be 100% effective, because it's easy to rip the caps off the new bottles making them not 100% effective either.
This is not true. You will not get caned for littering in Singapore. You might get a fine, or be sentenced to clean a public area while wearing a bright uniform (so that everyone can see that you're being punished). See: https://www.nea.gov.sg/media/news/news/index/nea-increases-v...
I mean, bath salts are certainly illegal in most countries now, but when they were new, they really weren't. Since most laws back then were(and still are, in many places) largely just giant lists of chemicals, plants and fungi.
The not for human consumption stuff was just a facile attempt to avoid liability for any consequences.
>"hey, maybe if you'd invest more in hobbies, social relationships and a healthy lifestyle you would feel better"
"Just saying" the above is not what CBT is, though. I've had a lot of CBT and other kinds of therapy, and I've never had a therapist just tell me "so don't do that", or "do more x".
It's about analysing your own thinking(cognitive) and actions/habits(behavioral) in cases where those are keeping you stuck in a miserable situation, and identifying what you can do to change them.
Sure, if you put the most inanely over-abstracted construction on it like "just live healthier and you'll feel better", it sounds meaningless, but the implicit assumption there is that's something you can just decide to do, and succeed in. That's not the case for many people, and those people can benefit from CBT.
i used to be quite pessimistic in my thinking without ever having a realisation of that thought process but as i got older i realised i am pretty miserable and CBT in a way helped me change that thought process and my overall thinking. therapy didn’t really work for me but CBT certainly did.
How do you define "a LOT"? the only estimate I can find says there's 210mcg/L of beta-carbolines. Mainly harman and norharman, which have a binding affinity for MAO-A of 220nM and 2200nM respectively(lower is more potent). Not earth-shatteringly potent. These compounds have a fairly short half-life and they're reversible.
Doesn't seem to be anywhere close to the potency of MAO inhibition used in psychiatric or entheogenic contexts. I'd be reluctant to attribute too many noticable effects to them.
Note that 210 mcg/L is 210 ng/milliliter. The molecular weight of norharman is 168.2 g/mol, so the concentration is about 1250 nM/L.
Coupled with frequency of coffee intake and accounting for storage in adipose tissue, levels in vivo could easily exceed binding affinities after just days or weeks of coffee use.
It is known they have a significant effect when consumed together with a weak stimulant, like caffeine or nicotine. Tobacco smoke is another significant source in the human diet.
Interesting. Do you have a source on this? I can't seem to find any detailed data on this. Only some suggestions that since they're lipophilic, and are found in higher concentrations in brain tissue, they might accumulate there. I can't find any research analyzing whether they do accumulate in brain tissue and how long they stay there.
It seems unlikely to me that TSMC is both going to spend 100B on their own US operations and however many billions it would cost to acquire Intel's foundry division and set it up for TSMCs process. Though those rumours never made sense to me in the first place.
Seems more likely that the Trump admin was pressuring them to possibly invest in Intel, acquisition was briefly considered and instead this compromise of expanding their own US operations was chosen.
I expect INTC to retract back towards $18-19 from this news. Recent rally was largely based on hopium surrounding either TSMC investment/partnership or Broadcom/TSMC breakup and acquisition. Probably this kills the Broadcom deal as well. If I were Intel, I wouldn't wanna sell off the more successful chip design division if I couldn't also sell off the floundering foundry.
I've tried almost every class of hallucinogen there is. Psychedelics, dissociatives, cannabinoids. Never did get my hands on salvia, but these days I don't think I'm very interested in trying it either. I have the most experience with psychedelics and cannabinoids in terms of having tried many different members of the class. And I've messed around with some strange ones that don't quite fit into any of the classes, like zopiclone(the sleeping med). I've also experienced stimulant/sleep deprivation psychosis
Psychedelics for me usually involve complex geometric patterns, colours, and objects "breathing" and morphing. More distortions and extreme pareidolia than actual hallucination(defined as perception in the absence of stimuli). They also involve what feels like "enhanced" hearing, where you're able to focus on everything you're hearing with exactly equal attention(I honestly don't know if that description makes any sense), which makes music sound very different, especially music that's tailored for listening while on psychedelics, like Shpongle.
The cognitive effects are also hard to describe, but there's a a tendency towards tangential thinking while retaining the ability to navigate the complex tree of tangents, a feeling of profoundness attached to even the simplest deduction, and a perceived ease of handling highly abstract ideas. There's also a sort of tearing down of deeply ingrained biases and rationalisations which in my view is how psychedelics are potentially very powerful accelerants of psychotherapy and personal change.
I never liked dissociatives very much. Their effects on memory make it hard for me to even remember the experiences, and mostly what I remember from doing ketamine and MXE is that everything looks strange. Angles are weird. Headspace is more confused than profound and certainly less productive. I might just have an atypical reaction to dissociatives, idk.
Cannabinoids are very unique drugs in that they provoke some combination of stimulant, sedative, psychedelic, dissociative and deliriant effects. Many people report that after combining cannabis with psychedelics multiple times, their experience with cannabis becomes more psychedelic. This certainly happened to me. I used to frequently combine 2C-B with hash several years ago. Ever since then if I smoke some hash with no tolerance essentially have a psychedelic trip for 3 hours. I quite like it. I get to take a short trip into a psychedelic mindspace without the usual hassle, longer duration, bodily side effects and sleep disturbances of taking a conventional psychedelics. Right now I'm doing it once every 4 weeks, since I'm trying to cure my addiction to hash by teaching myself moderation, and it's been working fine. Although part of me misses just the simple feeling of being stoned, giggling at children's cartoons and eating peanut butter with a spoon. I suppose I might never get that back.
Synthetic cannabinoids are horrible drugs I wouldn't recommend to anyone. Their sheer potency leads to a domination of dissociative and deliriant effects. Psychosis is a likely outcome. Complete dissociation like forgetting who you are, anterograde amnesia, severe anxiety and paranoia. They're also quite hard on the body. Stay away.
Zopiclone is a strange one. It's primary mode of action is the same as benzos, but it also has some interesting interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which I suspect is what causes the hallucination. It's the only drug that's given me tactile hallucinations, which is a strange sensation. If I had to classify it, I'd put it in the deliriant class, but it has some dissociative properties too. It's strongly synergises with cannabinoids but also with psychedelics. For me, the recommended dose of 7.5mg usually caused some very mild hallucination, but 15 was the dose I usually took. I don't recommend zopiclone though, as it can cause strange episodes of anterograde amnesia the day after. Even when used as a hypnotic. The Z-drugs were originally touted as being like benzos without the addiction potential. It's since been learned that they're exactly like benzos, addiction and all, just with more side effects. Boggles the mind that they're still prescribed at all.
I have some serious doubts about these rumours. TSMC wants to buy Intel's fab why, exactly? Even assuming it isn't shut down for antitrust reasons, what are they gaining? A fab that is struggling to compete with the ones they already have? Lithography equipment they can just buy from ASML or whomever?
Not to mention the fact that the rumours themselves caused a rally in INTC price that makes acquisition far less attractive.
The US wants Taiwan to transfer even more technology to the US (thus actively undermining Taiwan's Silicon Shield defence strategy) and also revitalise Intel's operations under pain of 100% tariffs, which Trump has repeatedly threatened.
Yep, all very good points. Neuropsychopharmacology is extremely and recursively complicated. It's turtles all the way down. Just take one component in all this, the receptor. One might want to think of a receptor as just a switch triggered by a chemical. But autoreceptors are a thing, as you mention. Receptors do different things in different areas of the brain. Receptors form complexes with eachother(e.g 5-HT-2a and D2), and we have essentially no idea why? Receptors have all sorts of different modes of interaction both with ligands and cell internals. Agonism, partial agonism, antagonism, inverse agonist, positive/negative allosteric modulation. The GABA-A receptor is not really one receptor, it's more like a family of receptors made up of a varying constellation of subunit proteins. Different constellations appear in different parts of the brain, and have different allosteric binding sites, which is why benzos vary widely in qualitative effects despite all being "GABA-A PAMs". NMDA receptors don't just bind to glutamate, but also glycine, and magnesium needs to be around? And NMDA triggers an intracellular cascade that regulates membrane expression of AMPA receptors. This is thought to be involved in memory. Cannabinoid receptors are expressed presynaptically carry signals in reverse, so that's weird. And there are 5 identified cannabinoid receptors. We only sort of understand what 2 of them even do. The other 3 are still quite mysterious(last time I checked). Most of the well studied neurotransmitters have not one, but many different receptors they interact with. 5-6 dopamine receptors, I can't even remember all the serotonin receptors, etc. Many of them are still poorly understood.
And of course, neurotransmitter systems talk to eachother. Serotonin so much so that it's also been called a neuromodulator. Because it very often regulates release of other neurotransmitters(including itself).
It's a field that, the more I dig into it, the more confused I get, honestly.
So when I see someone say herp derp, serotonin hypothesis is false, therefore SSRIs are ineffective, the only conclusion I can make is they haven't even tried to dig into it.
I've noticed that most submissions involving anything that might invite the slightest criticism of Musk routinely get flagged. My conclusion has been that there's an army(or just a handful of people with too much time on their hands) of Elon fanboys patrolling the site, flagging stuff that causes them cognitive dissonance.
Doesn't even have to be political. I've seen it over and over with submissions about cybertruck recalls, twitter related stuff, etc.
I believe they're bots. Easy enough to do a negative sentiment analysis with an llm. Positive sentiment Tesla astroturfing is also everywhere on facebook and instagram.
Makes sense if you’re worth billions and billions yet still need to cheat at video games so you can pretend on a livestream that you are one of the best at some random video game.
