The only indirect way student success and benefit plays a role is in 3, 4 and 6. Having personel on grants that comes from "prestigious" universities was seen as a plus by some of the grant reviewers I was sitting with in committees. It also plays with the brand to attract students and donation money (which play a big role still in some places).
There is an interesting movement now where universities are getting out of the rankings they have been avidly optimizing their metrics for in the last decades. I have sat in another kind of committee where one of the administrator rejected a project because it would divert funds from something that would improve the ranking (something about facilities that needed updates can't remember exactly what it was).
The arms race itself is a recent evolution that required a few conditions to kick off.
The debate on this will be never ending, and however much I personally value the benefits of international trade, the movement of well paying blue collar roles is the initiating factor.
This arms race didn’t exist here back in the 60s and 80s for example. However it was alive and well in Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
That runaway competition for certification is just… enshrined in the socio-economic fabric there. That structure is why there are so many doctors / engineers and graduates from the region.
If anything, it’s remarkable how long it took to get started here. The upside is that if there ever a chance to slow it down, it’s now.
The market isn't demanding education in the sense of workers knowing a lot. The market is demanding education in the sense of having a degree.
You can check that by seeing how many employers actually care about what people remember from their university days. In the majority, it's fine for people to forget what they learned immediately after the exam.
Even the universities with particular mutations (New School, Olin) have evolved in fascinating ways.
Broadly, university evolution is:
1. Real estate development 2. Sports 3. Research grants 4. Brand 5. Source of vetted early talent 6. International tuition dollars
Almost none of what a university is economically designed to do is ensure students are trained for success in their career and life.
If there’s any directly relevant student benefit, it is certification - a fairly benign benefit.
What’s critical to grok is that universities are quite literally accredited based on how similar they look & behave to their peers.