IMO the right intuition about a tool comes from applying it in the context where it provides a real leverage. In case of Category Theory that would be advanced algebraic topology (not re-phrasing basic things which are easier to understand without CT).
Rephrasing things is useful when it allows you to draw equivalences with other things that might have results or insights that translate across, which is something a lot of people use CT for. As with most maths the payoffs aren't always immediate, though, which leads to a lot of frustration with from programmers who expect immediate results from their insights.
From a programming perspective, though, a fair few important things have (by now) turned out to be useful that have come as a result of rephrasing programming in mathematical terms. Some top contenders are monads (directly from CT — think Haskell, but also LINQ, JavaScript Thenables, async/await, Rust Option/Result combinators, parser combinators), proof assistants and modern approaches to type systems, linear/substructural logic (think Rust or C++ move semantics), functional programming (which is now embraced at least to some extent by all mainstream programming languages), functional reactive programming (the core ideas behind things like React), et cetera.
