> It's almost certainly self-identification, which is the standard for such studies.
No it isn't:
> we use VGG-Face classifier, which is wrapped in the DeepFace Python package developed by Serengil and Ozpinar (2020) algorithm, to obtain an image-based classification of a person’s race. We combine this image-based race classification with a name-based...
No it isn't:
> we use VGG-Face classifier, which is wrapped in the DeepFace Python package developed by Serengil and Ozpinar (2020) algorithm, to obtain an image-based classification of a person’s race. We combine this image-based race classification with a name-based...
Even worse, they use names to infer race.